πνεῦμα, -τος, τό, [in LXX chiefly and very frequently for רוּחַ ;] 1. of air in motion; (a) wind: J 3,8 pl., Hbr 1,7 (LXX); (b) breath: π. ζωῆς, Ap 11,11 π. τοῦ στόματος, figuratively, 2 Tes 2,8 (cf. Ps 32 (33)6). 2. Of the vital principle, the spirit (Arist., Polyb., al.): Łk 8,55, J 19,30, Dz 7,59, al.; opposite to σάρξ, Mt 26,41, Mk 14,38, 1 Kor 5,5, al.; to σῶμα, Rz 8,10, 1 Kor 6,17; 7,34, 1 P 4,6; to ψυχή, Flp 1,27, Hbr 4,12; τὸ π. καὶ ἡ ψ. καὶ τ. σῶμα, 1 Tes 5,23 (M, Th., in l.); dative, τῷ π., in spirit, Mk 2,8; 8,12, J 11,33; 13,21, Dz 18,25, Rz 12,11, 1 Kor 7,34, 1 P 3,18, al.; of the human spirit of Christ, Rz 1,4, 1 Tm 3,16. 3. spirit, i.e. frame of mind, disposition, influence: Łk 1,17, Rz 8,15, 1 Kor 4,21, Ga 6,1, Ef 2,2, 2 Tm 1,7, 1 J 4,6, al. 4. An incorporeal being, a spirit: Łk 24,37.39 Dz 23,8; π. ὁ θεός, God is spirit, J 4,24 πατὴρ τῶν π., Hbr 12,9 of disembodied human beings, Hbr 12,23, 1 P 3,19 (ICC, in l.; DB, iii, 795); of angels. Hbr 1,14 of demons or evil spirits, Mt 8,16, Mk 9,20, Łk 9,39, al.; π. πύθυωνα, Dz 16,16 πνεύματα δαιμονίων, Ap 16,14 π. δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου, Łk 4,33 π. ἀσθενείας (Bl., §35, 5), Łk 13,11 π. ἀκάθαρτον, Mt 10,1, Mk 1,23, Łk 4,36, Dz 5,16; π. ἄλαλον (καὶ κωφόν), Mk 9,17.25; πονηρόν, Łk 7,21, Dz 19,12, al. 5. Of the Holy Spirit, π. ἅγιον, τὸ ἅ. π., τὸ π. τὸ ἅ. τὸ π., π. (the article as a rule being used when the Spirit is regarded as a Person or a Divine Power, and omitted when the reference is to an operation, influence or gift of the Spirit; see WM, 151:5; Bl., §46, 7): anarth., Mt 1,18; 3,11, 16 4:1, Mk 1,8 (Swete, in l.), ib.10, Łk 1,15, J 7,39, Dz 19,2, Rz 5,5, 1 Kor 2,4, al.; with art., Mt 4,1; 12,31.32 Mk 1,10; 3,29, Łk 2,26, J 7,36; 14,26, Dz 4,31; 5,3, Rz 8,16, al.; (τὸ) π. (τοῦ) θεοῦ, Mt 3,16, Rz 8,9, Ef 3,16, 1 J 4,2, al.; τὸ π. τ. πατρός, Mt 10,20 π. θεοῦ ζῶντος, 2 Kor 3,3 (τὸ) π. τοῦ κυρίου, Łk 4,18, Dz 5,9; 8,39; τὸ π. Ἰησοῦ, Dz 16,7 Χριστοῦ, Rz 8,9 Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Flp 1,19 τὸ π. τ. ἀληθείας, J 15,26; 16,13, 1 J 4,6 λείγει (μαρτυρεῖ) τὸ π. (τὸ ἅγιον), Dz 21,11; 28,25, 1 Tm 4,1, Hbr 3,7; 10,15, Ap 14,13; before τ. ἐκκλησίαις, Ap 2,7.11 17, 29, 3:6, 12, 22; ἐν τ. π., Łk 2,27 κατὰ πνεῦμα, Rz 8,4, 5; ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ π., J 3,5, διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου, Hbr 9,14 ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος, 2 Tes 2,13, 1 P 1,2; ἓν π., 1 Kor 12,13, Ef 2,18; 4,4; ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ π. ἐστιν, 2 Kor 3,17 of that which is effected or governed by the Spirit, opposite to γράμμα, Rz 2,29; 7,6, 2 Kor 3,6. SYN.: νοῦς, which in NT is contrasted with π. as "the action of the understanding in man with that of the spiritual or ecstatic impulse" (DB, iv, 612); ψυχή — the usual term in cl. psychology—in NT, "expresses man as apart from God, a separate individual, π. expresses man as drawing his life from God" (DB, 1-vol., 872). (AS)